メタ認知という用語は文字通り「認知を超えた」という意味で、認知についての認知、あるいは非形式的には「思考についての思考」を示すために使用される。フラベルはメタ認知を認知に関する知識と認知の制御と定義した。例えば、ある人がAよりもBを学ぶことが難しいと気づいたり、Cを事実として受け入れる前に二重確認すべきだと思い至ったりするとき、その人はメタ認知を行っている(ジョン・H・フラベル ,1976, p. 232)。アンドレアス・デメトリオウ(英語版)の理論(ネオ・ピアジェ的認知発達理論(英語版)の一つ)は、人間の心の不可欠な構成要素と見なされる自己監視、自己表現、自己調整プロセスを指すために「超認知」という用語を使用した[10]。さらに彼は同僚とともに、これらのプロセスが処理効率と推論とともに一般知能に関与していることを示した。処理効率と推論は伝統的に流動性知能を構成すると考えられてきた[11][12]。
学生のメタ認知の文脈では、D. N. パーキンスとガブリエル・サロモン(英語版)は、メタ認知が学生の進捗を監視する能力に関わることを指摘している。このプロセスの中で、学生は「今自分は何をしているのか?」「それは何かの役に立っているのか?」「代わりに他に何ができるだろうか?」などの質問をする。パーキンスとサロモンは、そのようなメタ認知的実践が学生の非生産的なアプローチを避けるのに役立つと主張する[15]。
実験心理学の分野では、メタ認知における影響力のある区別(T. O. ネルソンとL. ナレンスによって提案された)は、モニタリング(自分の記憶の強さについての判断を行うこと)とコントロール(それらの判断を行動の指針にすること、特に学習の選択を導くこと)の間にある。ダンロスキー、セラ、ベイカー(2007)は、この区別をメタ記憶研究のレビューで取り上げ、この領域からの知見が応用研究の他の分野にどのように適用できるかに焦点を当てた。
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